Limited to the last 30 days.

Get-Eventlog Application -EntryType "Error" -InstanceId 1511 -Source "Microsoft-Windows-User Profiles Service" -After (Get-Date).AddDays(-30) | Where-Object { $_.Message -like "*logging you on with a temporary profile*" } | Select-Object TimeGenerated,UserName,Message

Example:

PS C:\> Get-Eventlog Application -EntryType "Error" -InstanceId 1511 -Source "Microsoft-Windows-User Profiles Service" -After (Get-Date).AddDays(-30) | Where-Object { $_.Message -like "*logging you on with a temporary profile*" } | Select-Object TimeGenerated,UserName,Message

TimeGenerated       UserName Message
-------------       -------- -------
07.03.2024 16:02:57 MYDOMAIN\user1 Windows cannot find the local profile and is logging you on with a temporary profile. Changes you make to this profile will be lost when you log off.
07.03.2024 15:34:09 MYDOMAIN\user1 Windows cannot find the local profile and is logging you on with a temporary profile. Changes you make to this profile will be lost when you log off.
07.03.2024 15:32:24 MYDOMAIN\user2 Windows cannot find the local profile and is logging you on with a temporary profile. Changes you make to this profile will be lost when you log off.
07.03.2024 13:40:41 MYDOMAIN\user3 Windows cannot find the local profile and is logging you on with a temporary profile. Changes you make to this profile will be lost when you log off.
07.03.2024 12:36:36 MYDOMAIN\user2 Windows cannot find the local profile and is logging you on with a temporary profile. Changes you make to this profile will be lost when you log off.
07.03.2024 11:25:54 MYDOMAIN\user3 Windows cannot find the local profile and is logging you on with a temporary profile. Changes you make to this profile will be lost when you log off.
07.03.2024 08:57:32 MYDOMAIN\user1 Windows cannot find the local profile and is logging you on with a temporary profile. Changes you make to this profile will be lost when you log off.